Nike vs. Reebok - 1378 Words

Nike vs. Reebok Questions 1. The success of Nike was strictly fortuitous and had little to do with great decision making. Evaluate this statement. The important part of the success was due to the far-sight of Nikes management team. Nikes CEO, who was a marathoner and knew what runners wanted for their shoes, had made a very basic strategy work; make the products that fit their consumers needs. Examples of great decision making are: • Diversifying products (into sports wears and others) was a smart move that had contributed to the current and growing success of Nike. • Nikes managements bet on celebrities marketing. These athlete celebrities including Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods had introduced and placed Nike and its†¦show more content†¦The good decision making would need to start with • Acquiring all relevant information and then thoroughly analyzing the information. • Prepare a well-planned course of actions and backup contingencies in case of unexpected. • Vigorously monitoring the situation and response in timely fashion. • Learning from past mistakes of ourself and others. 6. Do you think the athletic goods industry has limited potential? Or is it still a growth industry? Your opinions, and rationale, please. Athletic goods industry still has unlimited potential and it is a growing industry at the moment. The sportswear is not limited to track and field anymore. It has become a daily-life goods that can be seen everywhere. Product diversification into fashion business opens up a new growth potential for athletic goods. Also sport has been emphasized a lot lately as recreational activities to promote healthy life. Product segmentation could also create new market segments within the existing ones. For example, running shoes designed especially for rough surfaces or mountain terrains, or with reinforced ankle protection, or with some added features such as anti-bacterial insole. The growth potential is clearly evidence by the directions of Nikes recent moves. Nikes product diversification creates a larger market. Nike also acquires i. Cole Haan (Dressing, formal shoes markers) ii. Bauer Hockey (Ice Hockey and Extreme sport type of goods)Show MoreRelatedNike vs. Reebok1362 Words   |  6 PagesNike vs. Reebok Questions 1. The success of Nike was strictly fortuitous and had little to do with great decision making. Evaluate this statement. The important part of the success was due to the far-sight of Nikes management team. Nikes CEO, who was a marathoner and knew what runners wanted for their shoes, had made a very basic strategy work; make the products that fit their consumers needs. Examples of great decision making are: • Diversifying products (into sports wears and others) wasRead MoreNike: Globalizing the Sportswear Industry1250 Words   |  5 PagesNike case Grachya Ovsepyan Alexander Kopenkin 2011 Nike – Globalizing the Sportswear Industry 1. Evaluate Nike’s business strategy. Does Nike have a sustainable competitive advantage? According to the text, there are four cornerstones in Nike’s strategy: 1) Deepening its relationship with customers. There are some obvious ways of having a â€Å"deep relationship† with customers such as taking into consideration results of various enquiries or following current trends like many companiesRead MoreNike and What It Does to Third World Countrys1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Manufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry: Nike vs. the Competition The current manufacturing practices of the sneaker industry, in particular companies such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Converse, and New Balance, takes place throughout the globe. With the industry experiencing severe competition, and the product requiring intensive labour, firms are facing extreme pressure to increase their profit margins through their sourcing practices. The following paperRead MoreNike Marketing Plan Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesendeavors to recommend a viable marketing plan for the footwear giant, Nike. The plan has been adequately substantiated with thorough research on different factors affecting the firm along with various ways of addressing future challenges. This research paper highlights that Nike is confronted with multifarious issues which need to be negotiated amicably. Result of the study concludes that there is still a world waiting for the Nike to be exploited, outsmarting its competitors employing its innovativeRead MoreN ike-High End Shoe Market Survey in Bangladesh.Doc2217 Words   |  9 Pagesbuy it, how often they buy it, how often they use it, how they evaluate it after the purchase and impact of such evaluation on future purchases disposal. Nike shoes are sold worldwide at high price. People tend to associate high price positively with good quality maximum performance. Because of the high price, before buying Nike shoes, people undergo extensive information processing, i.e. - ask friends or search the internet to find information about the product. 1.2 Origin of Report Read MoreNike-High End Shoe Market Survey in Bangladesh.Doc2203 Words   |  9 Pagesit, how often they buy it, how often they use it, how they evaluate it after the purchase and impact of such evaluation on future purchases disposal. Nike shoes are sold worldwide at high price. People tend to associate high price positively with good quality maximum performance. Because of the high price, before buying Nike shoes, people undergo extensive information processing, i.e. - ask friends or search the internet to find information about the product. 1.2 Origin of Report Read MoreFootwear Industry Research4095 Words   |  17 PagesFootwear Industry Local Vs Global Footwear Industry Local Vs Global A Secondary Research and Analysis on Local and Global Brands in the Indian Footwear Industry Submitted to: Prepared By: Chirag Bansal Deepti Tripathi(IMT-G) Read MoreThe Manufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry: Nike vs. the Competition1752 Words   |  8 PagesThe Manufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry: Nike vs. the Competition Steven Van Dusen The current manufacturing practices of the sneaker industry, in particular companies such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Converse, and New Balance, takes place throughout the globe. With the industry experiencing severe competition, and the product requiring intensive labor, firms are facing extreme pressure to increase their profit margins through their sourcing practices. The following paper will analyzeRead MoreWhat Is Adidas’s Corporate Strategy?1695 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing strategic tool of matching their product line with famous athletes and sporting events according to their product line. Adidas’s goal has been to focus on surpassing Nike the leader in the global sporting goods industry. There has since been an obvious change in strategic approach from prior to acquiring Reebok International and divesting Salomon winter sports line in 2005 and 2006. They were unable to integrate the winter apparel line of Salomon with the adidas footwear thus having createdR ead MoreSweatshops : A Factory Or Workshop1264 Words   |  6 Pagesmoney. If a designer can get a garment made for $0.50 each then sell that garment for $200 to consumers. The pay given to workers is unfair and unjust, Houghteling wrote in the Harvard International review, â€Å"In Indonesia, for example, where Nike and Reebok laud their recent wage increases in response to the economic downturn, sweatshop laborers now make US $0.20 an hour, while the CEPs calculated national living wage is seven cents higher.† At the end of the day greed has blinded the fashion industry

The Assimilation Policy and Its Impact on the Indigenous...

Since the time of federation the Aboriginal people have been fighting for their rights through protests, strikes and the notorious ‘day of mourning’. However, over the last century the Australian federal government has generated policies which manage and restrained that of the Aboriginal people’s rights, citizenships and general protection. The Australian government policy that has had the most significant impact on indigenous Australians is the assimilation policy. The reasons behind this include the influences that the stolen generation has had on the indigenous Australians, their relegated rights and their entitlement to vote and the impact that the policy has had on the indigenous people of Australia. The assimilation policy was a†¦show more content†¦Their native land was taken from them, and this led to an increase in Aboriginal activism. Protest groups like the Aborigines Progressive Association and the Freedom Rides were formed. It wasn’t until 1962 that the commonwealth electoral act that began in 1918 was amended so that all Indigenous Australian could vote, and only in 1965 were Aboriginals finally granted the entitlement to full wages. (Skwirk, 2007). This impacted them in many ways us they were denied equal right for so long. ‘I want a Little Fair Play if you will be so kind enough to see on my Behalf’ (http://www.abc.net.au/civics/democracy/struggle.htm, 2001). This was from one of the many letters by John Kickett to parliament in his fight for aboriginal rights. The term terra nullius meant a land that belonged to no one, Australia was titled this by Captain Cook in the 18th century and it legally meant that no one could claim rights over the land because no one lived there. However, people were living there, the indigenous people of the country had been living here for many centuries, and once the land was claimed by European settlers the Aboriginal people lost their rights of the land that had been theirs for such an extensiveShow MoreRelatedSince the time of federation the Aboriginal people have been fighting for their rights through800 Words   |  4 Pagescentury the Australian federal government has generated policies which manage and restrained that of the Aboriginal people’s rights, citizenships and general protection. The Australian government policy that has had the most significant impact on indigenous Australians is the assimilation policy. The reasons behind this include the influences that the stolen generation has had on the indigenous Australians, their relegated rights and their entitlement to vote and the impact that the policy has had onRead MoreEssay on Policies Affecting Indigenous Australians1550 Words   |  7 PagesIndigenous Australians have faced many changes to their original life style, with numerous policies being brought in. These policies had an incredible affect on how the indigenous Australians lived. The policies inflicted on the indigenous Australians varied widely and had numerous impacts. The policies of assimilation, protection and integration had mainly negative impacts on the community, causing loss of identity, language and religion. The policies of self-determination and reconciliation, hadRead MoreThe Assimilation Policy ( 1961 )1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assimilation policy (1961) has impacted on Indigenous Australians within their physical and mental state and identity present in today’s society. Australia is commonly considered to be free and fair in their culturally diverse societies, but when the Indigenous population is closer looked into, it is clear that from a social and economical view their health needs are disadvantaged compared to non-Indigenous equals. In relation to this, the present Indigenous health is being impacted by disadvantagesRead MoreEssay about Indigenous Health1500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The status of Indigenous health in contemporary Australia is a result of historic factors as well as contemporary socio-economic issues† (Hampton Toombs, 2013, p. 1). The poor health position of Indigenous Australians is a contemporary reflection of their historical treatment as Australia’s traditional owners. This treatment has led to Indigenous Australians experiencing social disadvantages, significantly low socio-economic status, dispossession, poverty and powerlessness as a direct resultRead MoreWhich Policy Had the Largest Impact on the Indigenous Australians1018 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment policy towards indigenous people has had the largest impact on Indigenous Australians? Through research the Assimilation Policy had the largest impact upon Indigenous Australians and the three supporting arguments to prove this are the Aborigines losing their rights to freedom, Aboriginal children being removed from their families, and finally the loss of aboriginality. The Assimilation was a policy set by the government in 1937 and went to till 1964. This policy of Assimilation was setRead MoreThe Changing Nature Of The Policies Introduced By The Australian Governments1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe changing nature of the policies introduced by the Australian Governments towards the Aboriginal Community greatly affected them in many ways. One of the darkest chapters of Australian history was the forced removal of Aboriginal children from their families. This is now known as The Stolen Generation . Between 1910-1970, many Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families as a result of various government policies. In removing their children, white people stole Aboriginal people’sRead More The Stolen Generation of Aboriginal Decent Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stolen Generation has left devastating impacts upon the Aboriginal culture and heritage, Australian history and the presence of equality experienced today. The ‘S tolen Generation’ refers to the children of Aboriginal descent being forcefully abducted by government officials of Australia and placed within institutions and catholic orphanages, being forced to assimilate into ‘white society’. These dehumanising acts placed these stolen children to experience desecration of culture, loss of identityRead MoreThe South West Corner Of Wa1042 Words   |  5 Pagestribes. They would also hold ceremonies and significant celebrations there. Both men and women from the Nyungar tribes would have scarification on their back, chest, arms and legs, as these were traditional rites of passage. Unlike most Aboriginal Australians, Nyungars did not perform circumcision or sub-incision on their children. The first European settlements arrived in the area around 1829, and with them the beginning of change and loss for the Nyungar people (Municipal Heritage Inventory, Sept.Read MoreThe Segregation and Assimilation Policies in Relation to the Impact They Had on the Aboriginal Family Lfe2030 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and contrast the segregation and assimilation policies in relation to the impact they had on the Aboriginal family life. Aboriginal family life has been disrupted and forcibly changed over the last two hundred years, as a result of the many segregation and assimilation policies introduced by Australian governments. Often a combination of the two was employed. The policy of segregation has impacted upon Aboriginal family life, for through this policy, Aboriginals were restricted and prohibitedRead MoreHow the Segregation Assimilation Policies Impacted on Aboriginal Fam2083 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and contrast the segregation and assimilation policies in relation to the impact they had on the Aboriginal family life. Aboriginal family life has been disrupted and forcibly changed over the last two hundred years, as a result of the many segregation and assimilation policies introduced by Australian governments. Often a combination of the two was employed. The policy of segregation has impacted upon Aboriginal family life, for through this policy, Aboriginals were restricted and prohibited

Role of Cognition in Counseling Free Essays

ROLE OF COGNITION IN COUNSELING TABLE OF CONTENT. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Cognition in Counseling or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Cognitive therapy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Characteristics of cognitive-behavioral therapy†¦. 5 Virtual Reality Therapy†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Rational Emotive Therapy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Transactional ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 conlusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Role of cognition in counseling Introduction Cognitive therapy centers on the belief that our thoughts are influenced by how we feel. There are a number of different cognitive therapies, including Cognitive-Behavioral, Reality, Rational Emotive and Transactional Analysis. Each of these cognitive approaches to counseling can help a client through the counseling process, by providing further understanding of the way our thoughts are sometimes distorted. Cognitive therapy focuses on the present. This means that issues from the past that are influencing current thinking, are acknowledged but not concentrated on. Instead a counselor will work with the client on identifying what is causing distress in present thinking. What links these different forms of cognitive therapy is the way in which the counseling relationship, between a counselor and client, develops. Assertiveness exercises, role-playing and homework are also part of the supportive one-to-one sessions a client will have with a counselor. In this paper will review and analyze the role cognition in counseling. Cognitive therapy Studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for depression. It is comparable in effectiveness to antidepressants and interpersonal therapy or psychodynamic therapy. The combination of cognitive therapy and antidepressants has been shown to be effective in managing severe or chronic depression. Cognitive therapy has also proven beneficial to patients who have only a partial response to antidepressants. There is good evidence that cognitive therapy reduces relapse rates. In addition, some evidence has shown that cognitive therapy is effective in treating adolescent depression. Here are a number of the different cognitive therapies, including Cognitive-Behavioral, virtual Reality, Rational Emotive and Transactional Analysis. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy This cognitive approach to counseling is based on the belief that learning comes from personal experience. Counseling will focus on a client’s ability to accept behavior, clarify problems and difficulties and understand the reasoning behind the importance of setting goals. With the help of self management training, assertive exercises and role-playing the counselor can help a client work towards goals. Characteristics of cognitive-behavioral therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations, and vents. The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we think to feel / act better even if the situation does not change. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered among the most rapid in terms of results obtained. The average number of sessions clients receive (across all types of problems and approaches to CBT) is only 16. Other forms of therapy, like psychoanalysis, can take years. What enables CBT to be briefer are its highly instructive nature and the fact that it makes use of homework assignments. CBT is time-limited in that we help clients understand at the very beginning of the therapy process that there will be a point when the formal therapy will end. The ending of the formal therapy is a decision made by the therapist and client. Therefore, CBT is not an open-ended, never-ending process. A sound therapeutic relationship is necessary for effective therapy, but not the focus. Some forms of therapy assume that the main reason people get better in therapy is because of the positive relationship between the therapist and client. Cognitive-behavioral therapists believe it is important to have a good, trusting relationship, but that is not enough. CBT therapists believe that the clients change because they learn how to think differently and they act on that learning. Therefore, CBT therapists focus on teaching rational self-counseling skills. Cognitive-behavioral therapists seek to learn what their clients want out of life (their goals) and then help their clients achieve those goals. The therapist’s role is to listen, teach, and encourage, while the client’s roles is to express concerns, learn, and implement that learning. Not all approaches to CBT emphasize stoicism. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Rational Behavior Therapy, and Rational Living Therapy emphasize aspects of stoicism. Beck’s Cognitive Therapy is not based on stoicism. Cognitive-behavioral therapy does not tell people how they should feel. However, most people seeking therapy do not want to feel they way they have been feeling. The approaches that emphasize stoicism teach the benefits of feeling, at worst, calm when confronted with undesirable situations. They also emphasize the fact that we have our undesirable situations whether we are upset about them or not. If we are upset about our problems, we have two problems — the problem, and our upset about it. Most people want to have the fewest number of problems possible. So when we learn how to more calmly accept a personal problem, not only do we feel better, but we usually put ourselves in a better position to make use of our intelligence, knowledge, energy, and resources to resolve the problem. Cognitive-behavioral therapists want to gain a very good understanding of their clients’ concerns. That’s why they often ask questions. They also encourage their clients to ask questions of themselves, like, â€Å"How do I really know that those people are laughing at me? † â€Å"Could they be laughing about something else? † Cognitive-behavioral therapists have a specific agenda for each session. Specific techniques / concepts are taught during each session. CBT focuses on the client’s goals. We do not tell our clients what their goals â€Å"should† be, or what they â€Å"should† tolerate. We are directive in the sense that we show our clients how to think and behave in ways to obtain what they want. Therefore, CBT therapists do not tell their clients what to do — rather, they teach their clients how to do. CBT is based on the scientifically supported assumption that most emotional and behavioral reactions are learned. Therefore, the goal of therapy is to help clients unlearn their unwanted reactions and to learn a new way of reacting. Therefore, CBT has nothing to do with â€Å"just talking†. People can â€Å"just talk† with anyone. The educational emphasis of CBT has an additional benefit — it leads to long term results. When people understand how and why they are doing well, they know what to do to continue doing well. A central aspect of rational thinking is that it is based on fact. Often, we upset ourselves about things when, in fact, the situation isn’t like we think it is. If we knew that, we would not waste our time upsetting ourselves. Therefore, the inductive method encourages us to look at our thoughts as being hypotheses or guesses that can be questioned and tested. If we find that our hypotheses are incorrect (because we have new information), then we can change our thinking to be in line with how the situation really is. If when you attempted to learn your multiplication tables you spent only one hour per week studying them, you might still be wondering what 5 X 5 equals. You very likely spent a great deal of time at home studying your multiplication tables, maybe with flashcards. The same is the case with psychotherapy. Goal achievement (if obtained) could take a very long time if all a person were only to think about the techniques and topics taught was for one hour per week. That’s why CBT therapists assign reading assignments and encourage their clients to practice the techniques learned. Virtual Reality Therapy This form of therapeutic approach works well in treating fears and phobias. This is because virtual reality therapy (VRT) concentrates on accurately duplicating the distressing situations. Counselors, who use this form of cognitive approach, during counseling sessions, will recreate situations in order to expose the client to what triggers their fear. VRT also works well in treating anxiety disorders. Rational Emotive Therapy Rational Emotive Behavior therapy (REBT) centers on the belief that human beings have a tendency to develop irrational behavior and beliefs. These are the ‘musts’ and ‘shoulds’ that many people fill their lives with, and which influence thought and deed. REBT acknowledges that past and present conditions affect a person’s thinking and utilizes a framework so that the counselor can apply activating events that allow the client to identify beliefs and consequences. Transactional Analysis TA, as Transactional Analysis is also known, is based on the notion that our personality consists of three states of ego – parent, adult and child. During interaction with others one of our ego states will predominate, depending on the situation we find ourselves in. Certain types of behavior are associated with each of the ego roles, and using this form of cognitive approach to counseling allows the client to understand the different ego stages and how they interact with each other. conlusion In conclusion, Cognitive therapy (or cognitive behavioral therapy) helps the client to uncover and alter distortions of thought or perceptions which may be causing or prolonging psychological distress. However, there are key principles that aim counselors with the best tools to provide the kind of supportive guidance that is conducive to creating a positive counseling outcome for their clients. References David, Daniel. , Szentagotal, A. , Eva, K. , Macavei, B. (2005). A synopsis of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT): Fundamental and applied research. Journal of Rational Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Josefowitz, N. , Myran, D. (2005). Towards a person-centered cognitive behavior therapy. Counseling Psychology Quarterly Retrieved January 20, 2006, fromAcademic Search Premier. Kirschenbaum, H. (2004). Carl Rogers’s life and work: An assessment on the 100 How to cite Role of Cognition in Counseling, Papers

Warehouse A Backbone Business Intelligence â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Warehouse A Backbone Business Intelligence? Answer: Introducation Data warehouse is the process by which the organization Mudrock University will change over its raw information into meaningful data that can be represented in various forms in view of its detailing capacities. It must attain better, aggregated, merged vast volumes of information that is amassed in multidimensional information structure to help multidimensional data form. It perceives the requirement for present as well as future information, yet in addition perceives the requirement for recorded information. It enables a business association to control a lot of information in meaningful form. (Al-Debei, M., M., 2011). The main issue in data warehouse is the data quality which is the integral part to Mudrock University. The data quality must be analyzed before proceeding for data warehouse. By having the knowledge about key dimensions for improving data quality, data warehouse for Mudrock University can be defined effectively. In order to be processable as well as interpretable in a viable and proficient way, information needs to fulfill the value criteria. Various Measurements of information quality normally incorporate accuracy, reliability, importance, consistency, precision, timeliness, understandability, brevity and its usability. The main key measurements which needs to be satisfied are as following: Completeness - This key dimension helps to manage all the accessible essential data. Any important data must not be missing. Consistency: The data which must be arranged in data warehouse must be consistent. Legitimacy: It alludes to the accuracy and sensibility of information and must be fulfilled while arranging data. Accuracy - The accurate data must represent the real world values as inaccurate data can affect operational as well as investigative applications. Integrity -Data must not miss any relationship. If data is not properly linked it can have duplicate records. (Pandey, 2014). Data Security Issue Mudrock University must concentrate on the security challenges while implementing data warehouse. Requires the security framework that guarantees that the entire staff must be able to access data applicable to their own particular division, but IT administration department can access the entire information. The organization's data warehouse centers stores the employee as well as student's personal data. Protection laws may represent the utilization of such individual data. The adherence to these security laws must be actualized in the data warehouse. In spite of database, data distribution center must comprises of many more. The whole condition ranges from the extraction of information from operational framework, exchange of this information to the data distribution center, the dispersion of this information to information marts as well as other expository servers, and at last the moving this information to end-clients. The whole network traverses numerous servers and numerous product items and each segment must be secure. (Oracle White Paper, 2005). Granularity for Data Warehouse Granularity is to check that how much details of the data will be required for future purpose. In the given scenario, Offering_Coordinator, Enrollment will be detailed Fact tables whereas Aggregate Fact tables will be Student, Staff_mamber, Unit. Here, Course, Student, Staff_member, Unit will be Dimensional tables as all the information related to Course, Student, Staff, Unit will be stored in their respective table, but Offering Coordinator will be detailed table as it will store all transactional details regarding Units offered to which Staff member. Aggregate Fact tables can have large number of data whereas number of students, units, staff will be limited. While designing these entities, data warehouse use surrogate key or primary key. For making data base in Third Normal Form, proper relationship and functional dependencies needs to be implemented. A Foreign key will be set that will establish the relationship between aggregate tables and fact tables. The fact tables will record all the information of units offered to staff member, student enrolled in which unit etc. Constraints will signify join relationships between fact and dimension tables with primary key on the dimension tables and foreign keys on the fact tables. Another type of a logical relationship in a dimensional model is a hierarchy which expresses rollup or aggregation relationship within the columns of a dimension table. Also, surrogate keys as well as operational keys will be used in Dimensional tables. (Hobbs, L. Hillson, S., 2005). Star Schema COURSE (CourseCode, Version, CourseName) UNIT (UnitCode, Version, UnitName) UNIT_OFFERING (OfferingNumber, UnitCode, Year, TeachingPeriod) OFFERING_COORDINATOR (StaffID, UnitOfferingNumber) STUDENT (StudentID, StudentName, DateOfBirth) SCHOOL(SchoolCode, SchoolTitle) ENROLMENT (EnrolNumber, StudentID, UnitOfferingNumber, Grade, CourseCode, SchoolCode) STAFF_MEMBER(StaffNumber, StaffName, SchoolCode) References Al-Debei, M., M. (2011). Data Warehouse as a Backbone for Business Intelligence: Issues and Challenges. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences ISSN 1450-2275 Issue 33 (2011). Pandey, R., K. (2014). Data Quality in Data warehouse: problems and solution. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 16, Issue 1, Ver. IV (Jan. 2014), PP 18-24. Retrieved from - https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jce/papers/Vol16-issue1/Version-4/D016141824.pdf?id=8572 Security and the Data Warehouse. Oracle White Paper (2005). Retrieved from - https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/middleware/bi-foundation/twp-bi-dw-security-10gr1-0405-128087.pdf Hobbs, L. Hillson, S. (2005). Oracle 10g Data Warehousing. Elsevier Digital Press. Retrieved from - https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EzpC7cuOGqUCpg=PA178lpg=PA178dq=appropriate+level+of+granularity+for+your+data+warehousesource=blots=m3hYf39KfQsig=WgwIIez1CBXxv9-ddY9ySJS0w4whl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjgw4LYvL_WAhUeR48KHeLCC-wQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepageq=%20granularity%20f=false

Scotland’s Most Dishonourable Female……she could defloration your time off Essay Example

Scotland’s Most Dishonourable Female†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦she could defloration your time off Essay The summer days in Scotland are long and tranquil with nights that stay bright until 10pm. The scenery is lovely, the sickly is at its upper crust and the tranquillity makes an paragon election for a relaxing vacation, or so you would think. Your vacation has right-minded started and at the intention of the key day the probable of an aperitif in the garden or by the lakeside is least appealing. It has fair passed 5pm. The first taste is enriched and satisfying as you hold sneakily to breath in the clear, healthy style and absorb the breath-taking scenery. Piecemeal you note uncomfortable and notice that you have the urge to injury your critical and face. Then you are aware of something like dust particles floating around the upper enter in of your body. Dismissing them with a swell, thoughtful they are far too small to contemplate, you support on with your aperitif and conversation history of social work essay. But then you locate yourself itching so much, eventually you can’t arrogate it any more and head inside wondering how these minute creatures could entertain ruined your evening, you can only last them! We will write a custom essay sample on Scotland’s Most Dishonourable Female†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦she could defloration your time off specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Scotland’s Most Dishonourable Female†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦she could defloration your time off specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Scotland’s Most Dishonourable Female†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦she could defloration your time off specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Next era you frighten yourself as you look in the bathroom mirror, quieten itching, and grasp an fetish of someone who appears to be agony from measles! But it’s not measles, it’s the result of the scrap of the ruthless Culicoides impunctatus, the iniquitous female Highland Midge ! She longing come out every evening like a vampire, to obey her requisite to accumulation her unborn eggs with blood. She breeds in moistness vegetative areas and is attracted to you on the carbon dioxide you suggestion out. The only method she purposefulness not gumshoe you and begin recompense your blood is if you rest breathing! Be that as it may, there is an substitute†¦that works!

Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay Essay Example

Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay Essay Example Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay Paper Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay Paper Sujata Bhatt ( B. 1956 ) grew up in Pune but emigrated with her household to the United States in 1968. She studied in the States having an Master of fine arts from the University of Iowa and went on to be writer-in-residence at the University of Victoria. Canada. More late she was sing chap at Dickinson College. Pennsylvania. She presently lives with her hubby and girl in Bremen. Germany. Her first aggregation. Brunizem. won the Commonwealth Poetry Prize ( Asia ) and the Alice Hunt Bartlett Award. Subsequent aggregations have been awarded a Poetry Book Society Recommendation and in 1991 she received a Cholmondeley Award. For Bhatt. linguistic communication is synonymous with the lingua. the physical act of speech production. She has described Gujarati and the Indian childhood it connects her to as â€Å"the deepest bed of my identity† . However. English has become the linguistic communication she speaks every twenty-four hours and which she. mostly. chooses to compose in. The reverberations of this divided heritage are explored in her work. most explicitly in ‘Search for My Tongue’ which alternates between the two linguistic communications. The complex position of English – its beauties and colonial deductions – are besides conveyed in the traveling sarcasms of ‘A Different History’ and ‘Nanabhai Bhatt in Prison’ about her gramps who read Tennyson to soothe himself during his captivity by the British governments. Such division finds geographical look in verse forms which explore thoughts of place ( ‘The One Who Goes Away’ ) and question our mental function of the universe ( ‘How Far East is it Still East? ’ ) . It’s present excessively in her voice. with its musical melding of Indian and American inflexions. However. it’s in the non-verbal universe of animate beings and workss that Bhatt finds a beginning of integrity denied to worlds except for the really immature. as in her verse form ‘The Stare’ in which the ‘monkey child’ and the ‘human child’ experience a minute of stamp connexion. Possibly it is this yearning for integrity which makes Bhatt’s composing so animal ; her verse forms are rich with the odor of Allium sativum. the touch of organic structures. the vivacious feather of parrots. An intense colourist like the adult females creative persons who inspire some of these verse forms. Bhatt acknowledges that linguistic communication splits us from experience but through the physical strength of her authorship brings us closer to it so that â€Å"the word/is the thing itself† . Her recording was made for The Poetry Archive on 1 September 2005 at The Audio Workshop. London and was produced by Richard Carrington.

Watching TV makes you smarter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watching TV makes you smarter - Essay Example Johnson’s argument in support of television programs with more intricate stories can actually have a greater level of intellectual benefits when compared to plainer shows because under the latter case, the viewer’s brain does not explore potential outcomes of the story and the rationale behind such ideological constructs (170). Conversely, Johnson falls short of providing a convincing argument that places television viewing above other ways of gaining intellectual skills such as reading books. In fact, owing to the general spectator roles in television viewers, their inability to take charge of the unfolding events in the programs does not have any impact on their respective intelligence quotients (IQs). The viewers’ cognition is always expected to remain unchanged, irrespective of the content they are exposed to. By contrast, most people need some motivation to clear both psychological and physical fatigue inherent in human life, in an attempt to stimulate learning and cognitive development. In light of this, simple television programs with a higher level of predictability may have a higher degree of improving the IQ of the

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sensory Perceptions - Essay Example For instance, an individual perceives that it is cold since the sky is gray and trees are being swayed by the strong wind. The interpretation that the temperature is cool is coherent with the surroundings’ state. Information is also believed to be accurate when the cause and effect add up. For example, a person believes that he heard a loud sound when he hit a drum. Facts supported by research aids in making sensory information believable. For instance, it is reasonable to feel cold even if the weather is warm if one has fever. This is caused by the body’s signals to the brain (hypothalamus) to raise the temperature to kill unwanted foreign bodies. Since the temperature becomes lower than the set point, the hypothalamus sends the message that it feels cold. Even if the perception is not consistent with the environment, it can still be explained by medical facts. Three factors that can affect the accuracy of sensory information are: cognition capability and information source, reliability of stimuli, and the brain’s interpretation of the stimuli (Goldstein, 2009). Firstly, the five senses serve as the receptors for data. These data are then sent to the brain via neural pathways for perception. The accuracy of both sensation and perception affects the quality of the sensory information. Secondly, the more dependable and consistent the facts observed, the more accurate the sensory perception will be. Thirdly, the brain must be in good physical shape to be able to function properly. Nature and nurture have always affected the existence of beings (Myers, 2009). These two forces also have significance in the assessment of sensory data. The human body’s development is affected by the elements around it like time, temperature, and food. Inherited traits such as physical attributes, allergies, and diseases are likewise essential in determining one’s existence. Considered under nature are some atypical conditions of the nervous system that are not proven to

Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS-R) Assignment Essay

Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS-R) Assignment - Essay Example The scale of space and furnishings, personal daily care and routine, listening and talking, activities, interaction, program structure and parents and staff are seven aspects to be evaluated in this study. According to the scale, it observes children in a kindergarten. Through improving the quality of the learning environment, education programs for children with special needs in a regular class are better implemented. I first arrived at Kidango Decoto Center, a child care facility for toddlers, located at Union City. The head-teachers and supervisors name of the center is called Catalina Garcia. I observed a classroom, which the age range is between eighteen months old and three years old, and the center has four teachers and sixteen children. This observation lasted about three hours in the morning, from 9:00 am up until 12:00 pm. On this morning, my observation was specifically to use the infant-toddler environment rating scale to assist in my evaluation. Students were arriving in the classroom at around 8:30 am, and they were offered breakfast. After the breakfast around 9:15 am, all the students got in their respective the classrooms. They were engaging in free play time where there were prepared games, crafts and interacted with their teachers and classmates. I was seated in the classrooms corner, where the children could not easily see me, and this observation needed not to be distracted by my presence in the classroom. Childhood is a curious, imaginative, energetic, adventurous age. Therefore, health and safety is the primary factor, in the kindergarten classroom environment settings. Secondly, the class should give the children, the same feeling as home. Let the children feel that they are here to master thoroughly. By setting the environment, teachers should ask themselves, what valuable things they want to pass to the children. They should also

Effect of Overdenture on Teeth Stability

Effect of Overdenture on Teeth Stability Effect of overdenture with vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the teeth stability Abstract Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of overdenture over vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the teeth stability. Methods: An experimental study was conducted as non-randomized controlled trial at Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia during 12 months (December 2013 to November 2014). Thirty patients were voluntary participated in this study, first group overdenture over vital abutment teeth and the second group overdenture over non-vital abutment teeth. Attachment loss and teeth mobility were evaluated, after 3 months, 6 months and finally after 12 months. The data were collected from the two groups by questionnaire for demographic characteristics and observation checklist for assessing attachment loss and teeth mobility. The data were then analyzed by computerized method; Statistical Package for Social Sciences, (SPSS version 20). Results: The study showed that the patients have homogenous demographic characteristics. Overdenture over vital abutment teeth showed minimum attachment loss and teeth mobility compared to the overdenture over non-vital abutment teeth. These differences were with high significant statistics Conclusion: It was concluded that, the overdenture over vital abutment teeth was more stable and showed less teeth mobility and less attachment loss than that made over non-vital teeth. Keywords: Overdenture, vital and non-vital abutment teeth, attachment loss and teeth mobility. Introduction: The difference of overdenture from a conventional denture is the precision of dental attachments underneath that gives the overdenture much better retention. In general, the life expectancy of an overdenture is pretty good, and although the process is quite complicated, the benefits far outweigh the cost and time involved.This is because overdenture is very stable and feels more like natural teeth than ordinary dentures.They are also more retentive and help preserve the remaining bone (1). Overdenture could be used with implants or over the natural teeth. The teeth provide good stability for the dentures so that patients feel much better in the same way as natural teeth, and they can be confident that they won’t move around or fall out, alleviating the need to use messy adhesives (2). There is less pressure on the alveolar ridge than with conventional dentures and patients generally feel a lot more confident and can enjoy better health through being able to have better nutrition (2). Many patients with dentures seek for resolution of soreness of bearing tissues and non-stable or retentive dentures, that may increase esthetics, function, comfort, and psychological benefits from implant overdentures, without the need for more extensive fixed restorations (4,5). Overdentures are caries and periodontal diseases of the abutment teeth as bone resorption. Bone resorption in edentulous alveolar processes has been studied extensively, and the conclusion has been reached that it is a chronic, progressive and irreversible process that occurs in all patients (6). As a general rule, four implants are the minimal number in the maxilla in order to remove partial palatal coverage. While maxillary overdenture implants tend to show a slightly higher risk of failure than seen in the mandible, this clearly appears to be related not to the prosthetic design but originates as a direct consequence of compromised preoperative bone, thereby necessitating a reduced number, length, diameter, and angulation of implants (7,8,9). Differences have been observed between individuals in the amount and speed at which alveolar bone is lost, which have been attributed to a diversity of factors such as age, sex, facial anatomy, metabolism, oral hygiene, general health, nutritional status, systematic illnesses, osteoporosis, medications and the amount of time the patient has been edentulous (10,11,12,13). There is a lack of evidence investigating the efficiency of overdenture over vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the supporting structures. This study aimed to examine the effect of overdenture over vital and non-vital abutment teeth on the teeth stability. Methods: An experimental study was conducted at Albaha region, Saudi Arabia during 12 months (December 2013 to November 2014). The study sample consisted of 30 patients (men) with age of 59 years or above. They were partially edentulous for an average of 28 years, and were wearing their third lower denture. The patients selected were free from systemic diseases. The sample was divided into two groups each of 15 patients, both treated with overdenture, but they were different in the abutment teeth, the first group had vital abutment teeth while the second group had non-vital (endodontically treated) teeth. Both groups weared overdentures and evaluated 3 months, then 6 months and lastly after 12 months, as regarding to the attachment loss and tooth mobility of the abutment teeth in a both groups with vital and non-vital abutment teeth. Preparation of the abutment teeth was done as follow; the crown of each tooth was reduced 2-3 mm above the free gingival margin proceeding labially and lingually till a dome shaped. Preparation was obtained with a chamfer finishing line placed subgingivally. The crest of the dome shape was placed over the long axis of the abutment and the sharp points were rounded. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee at Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University (attached). The consents forms were filled by all participants. The right of the participants to withdraw any time was explained and preserved during the study. The data were collected and statistically analyzed. The data were then analyzed by computerized method; (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) (SPSS version 20). The chi-square test was used to test differences in patients’ demographic characteristics in the two groups. The independent t-test was used to identify differences between the two groups. Paired sample t-test was used to measure differences before and after intervention. All values were tabulated as average (mean) with standard deviation (SD). P values less than 0.05 were considered significant with level of confidence 95%. Results summary: As shown in Table (1), thirty patients participated in this study were homogenous in the demographic characteristics. There were insignificant differences in the variables such as age, education level, and years of edentulous, (P > 0.05). As shown in Table (2) and Figure (1), the attachment loss (expressed in mm) in the first group and second group. It was clear from the table that there were significant increases in the attachment loss with time. It also showed that the increases in second group are significantly higher than first group. The table also showed the significant increase of attachment loss and teeth mobility in second group (non-vital abutment) higher than first group (with vital abutment teeth). Table (3) and Figure (1) showed the abutment teeth mobility and bone height (expressed in mm) in the first and second groups. It was clear from the table that there were also significant increases through the time in the abutment teeth mobility and bone height (expressed in mm). It also showed that the increases in second group are significantly higher than first group. Tables and Figures: Table1: Characteristics of group 1 and group 2 patients participated in the study. Variable Group 1 n1 (%) Group 2 n2 (%) P value Education level Illiterate 23 (76.7%) 26 (86.7%) 0.12 Primary 7 (23.3%) 4 (13.3%) Age of patients 59.34  ± 1.76 58.65  ± 2.64 0.65 Years of edentulous 28.12  ± 2.76 27.89  ± 1.67 0.50 Table 2: Comparing the means and standard deviations between the attachment loss for the first group of the vital abutment teeth and second group with non-vital abutment teeth at the different times Variable Group 1 Mean  ± SD Group 2 Mean  ± SD P value Time of evaluation 3 months 0.60 mm  ±0.11 0.97mm ±0.15 0.04* 6 months 0.75 mm  ±0.19* 1.23mm ±0.20* 0.02* 12 months 0.81 mm  ±0.51* 1.54mm ±0.49* 0.01* (*) Significant Table 3: Comparing the means and standard deviations of the tooth mobility between the first group of the vital abutment teeth and second group with non-vital abutment teeth at the different times Variable Group 1 Mean  ± SD Group 2 Mean  ± SD P value Time of evaluation 3 months 0.10 mm  ±0.13 0.16 ±0.15 0.01* 6 months 0.22 mm  ±0.25 0.28 ±0.29 0.01* 12 months 0.48 mm  ±0.51 0.53 ±0.49 0.04* (*) Significant Figure 1: Comparing the means of the attachment loss and tooth mobility between group 1 of the vital abutment teeth and group 2 with non-vital abutment teeth at different times Discussion: This study showed that the attachment loss in the first group with vital abutment is less than the attachment loss in the group with non-vital abutment. It was clear from the findings that there were significant increases in the attachment loss with time in the second group compared to the first group. A study conducted by Gulizio to compare the alveolar bone loss in the anterior segment area with conventional complete denture to overdenture along five years. It concluded that, there was a significant decrease in alveolar bone loss in case of overdenture as compared to conventional complete denture. They attributed this finding to the presence of carried out some studies that shed light on the resorption process that occurred in patients wearing overdentures on both arches (9). Krennmair, in one study on edentulous patients with facial esthetics and associated structures, found that horizontal loss of hard and soft tissue through resorption, disease, or trauma is so advanced that teeth need to be placed far anterior to the residual ridge in order to provide adequate facial support, then an overdenture (ie, acrylic base and flanges) can provide replacement of these structures (14). Moreover, Bryant tested the type of implant prosthesis effect and outcomes for the completely edentulo us patients, and found that no statistical significant differences in premaxillary bone loss. Alternatively, bone grafting procedures can be performed to augment the missing tissues, but limitations must be evaluated (15). Regarding the teeth mobility, this study showed that the abutment teeth mobility and bone height in the first with vital abutment is less than the second group. It was clear from the findings that there were also significant increases in the tooth mobility through the time in the abutment teeth mobility and bone height in the second group compared to first group. Grageda showed that a single implant mandibular overdenture has additional advantages of being less expensive and invasive and significantly increases the satisfaction and quality of life of patients with edentulism (16). The strengths of this study include comparing two different two methods of overdenture, and the long evaluation period (12 months). The study limitations were; the study was conducted among only thirty patients in Al-baha region; such studies will yield more useful results if conducted on more sample size with complete randomization all over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. From this study it was concluded that, the overdenture over vital abutment teeth was more stable and showed less teeth mobility and less attachment loss than that made over non-vital teeth.

Adolescent Drug Abuse :: Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

Adolescent Drug Abuse Table of Contents I.) Introduction ................................................. 1 II.) Review of Literature ........................................ 2 A) Source 1 .............................................. 2 B) Source 2 .............................................. 2 C) Source 3 .............................................. 3 D) Source 4 .............................................. 3 E) Source 5 .............................................. 3 III.) Methodology ................................................ 4 IV.) Results of Information Gathered ............................. 4 A) Source 1 .............................................. 4 B) Source 2 .............................................. 5 C) Source 3 .............................................. 5 D) Source 4 .............................................. 6 E) Source 5 .............................................. 6 V.) Summary and Conclusion ....................................... 6 References I.) Introduction: "Crack, booze, pot, crystal- from the inner city to the suburbs to small towns, the world of the adolescent is permeated by drugs. When 'a little harmless experimentation' becomes addiction, parents, teachers, and clinicians are often at a loss. For this age group (roughly ages 13 to 23), traditional substance abuse programs simply are not enough" (Nowinski, inside cover). Today's society provides many challenges for adolescents that our parents never had to face. Pre-marital sex and pregnancy, alcohol abuse, and drug addiction have always been around but they have never been more available to adolescents than they are now. Adolescents are more on their own to take care of themselves with more and more single parent households. The problem of drug and alcohol is a major one. Teenagers feel a need to drink and do drugs to fit in to peer groups. The problem is widespread. The common thoughts that drugs are only in the city where the poor live but that is wrong. Any single person can get drugs from the inner city to the small rural towns of Texas and Nebraska. It doesn't matter where you are. There is a major need for adults to intervene and stop the problem at its beginnings, the adolescents. If we sit here and deny the fact that the problem is there then we are just setting ourselves up for disaster. II.) Review of Literature: A Source 1: The first piece of literature that I used was a book written by Dr. Joseph Nowinski entitled Substance Abuse in Adolescents & Young Adults. It was written at the Elmcrest Psychiatric Institute in 1990. The book described Dr. Nowinski's study of adolescent addicts of drugs and alcohol. It goes on to explain the need for the development of treatment plans for adolescents because conventional plans do not work on this age group. B) Source 2:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second source that I used was a journal article entitled â€Å"Prevalence of substance abuse in a rural teenage population.† It was written by Wade Silverman. This article was published in The Journal of Adolescent Chemical Dependency in 1991. This article presented the results of a survey done in a rural school system to assess the prevalence rates of substance use and related

Fast food restaurant Essay

The pace of modern life is fast, and nowhere is it faster than in America. We want fast transportation, fast communication, fast computers, fast photos, fast music, fast repairs, and fast service from the businesses we patronize. It is from the last of these that we got fast food. At first, it was a matter of fast service. Fountain and Fast Food Service was the title of a trade magazine, which published statements like this from 1951: â€Å"The partners have become old hands at spotting the type of conventioneer that will patronize their fast food service. † Gradually service disappeared, and in 1954 we find fast food by itself in the title â€Å"Fountain and Fast Food. † Incidentally, the trade magazine renamed itself Fast Food by 1960. In February of that year, the magazine noted, â€Å"Delicate scallops are really fast food†¦ because they come ready to cook. † And in July it remarked, â€Å"Fast food type restaurants do the lion’s share of business for breakfast and noon meals eaten out. † The fast food revolution was a quick success throughout the land, and two decades later it was conquering the world. â€Å"The U. S.outcry against infiltration from the south is matched in vehemence by our neighbors’ outcry against fast-food imperialism and the gradual Americanization of their own societies. † noted the Christian Science Monitor in 1982. Thanks to fast food, families that formerly ate home cooking now eat out or bring back take-home fast food in record numbers. Its virtue is speed, not quality. Its less than ideal nutritional value may have influenced the coining of another term twenty years later, one that also puts a four-letter epithet in front of food: junk food (1973). Gale Encyclopedia of US History: Fast FoodTop. Home > Library > History, Politics & Society > US History Encyclopedia Fast food is what one eats in the vast majority of America’s restaurants. The term denotes speed in both food preparation and customer service, as well as speed in customer eating habits. The restaurant industry, however, has traditionally preferred the designation â€Å"quick service. † For hourly wage earners—whether factory hands or store clerks—take-out lunch wagons and sit-down lunch counters appeared at factory gates, streetcar stops, and throughout downtown districts in the late nineteenth century. For travelers, lunch counters also appeared in railroad stations nationwide. Fried food prevailed for its speed of preparation, as did sandwich fare and other fixings that could be held in the hand and rapidly eaten, quite literally, â€Å"on the run. † Novelty foods, such as hot dogs, hamburgers, french fries, came to dominate, first popularized at various world’s fairs and at the nation’s resorts. Soft drinks and ice cream desserts also became a mainstay. Thus, â€Å"fast food† also came to imply diets high in fat and caloric intake. By the end of the twentieth century, the typical American consumed some three hamburgers and four orders of french fries a week. Roughly a quarter of all Americans bought fast food every day. The rise of automobile ownership in the United States brought profound change to the restaurant industry, with fast food being offered in a variety of â€Å"drive-in† restaurant formats. Mom-and-pop enterprise was harnessed, largely through franchising, in the building of regional and national restaurant chains: Howard Johnson’s, Dairy Queen, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, and Taco Tico. Place-product-packaging was brought forcefully to the fore; each restaurant in a chain variously shares the same logo, color scheme, architectural design motif, and point-of-purchase advertising, all configured in attention-getting, signlike buildings. Typically, fast food restaurants were located at the â€Å"roadside,† complete with driveways, parking lots, and, later, drive-through windows for those who preferred to eat elsewhere, including those who ate in their cars as â€Å"dashboard diners. † Critical to industry success was the development of paper and plastic containers that kept food hot and facilitated â€Å"carry-out. † Such packaging, because of the volume of largely nonbiodegradable waste it creates, has become a substantial environmental problem. In 2000, Mcdonalds—the largest quick-service chain—operated at some 13,755 locations in the United States and Canada. The company’s distinctive â€Å"golden arches† have spread worldwide, well beyond North America. Abroad, fast food came to stand as an important symbol of American cultural, if not economic, prowess. And, just as it did at home, fast food became, as well, a clear icon of modernity. Historically, fast food merchandising contributed substantially to the quickening pace of American life through standardization. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, it fully embraced mass production and mass marketing techniques, reduced to the scale of a restaurant. Chains of restaurants, in turn, became fully rationalized within standardized purchasing, marketing, and management systems. Such a system depends on a pool of cheap, largely unskilled labor, the quick service restaurant industry being notorious for its low wages and, accordingly, its rapid turnover of personnel. Bibliography Jakle, John A. , and Keith A. Sculle. Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Pillsbury, Richard. No Foreign Food: The American Diet and Place. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1998. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. —John A. Jakle Gale Encyclopedia of Food & Culture: Fast FoodTop Home > Library > Food & Cooking > Food & Culture Encyclopedia What is termed â€Å"fast food† in the United States today most commonly consists of hot, freshly prepared, and wrapped food items, served to customers across a counter or through a drive-up window. Known as both â€Å"fast food† and â€Å"quick-service food† in the restaurant industry, these items are routinely sold and delivered in an amount of time ranging from a few seconds to several minutes; they now vary widely in food type, encompassing virtually all kinds of meats, preparation methods, and ethnic cuisines. Inexpensive hamburgers and french fried potatoes are still the products most readily identified as fast food, but the list of items sold in the format continually increases. Fried fish and shellfish, hot dogs, chicken, pizza, roast beef, and pasta are commonly sold at quick-service outlets. In addition to these staples, many quick-service restaurants sell a broad menu of Americanized Mexican, Greek, and Chinese foods. Some fast-food outlets offer specialty items, such as sushi, clams, or ribs, and others even sell complete â€Å"home-cooked† meals over their counters. Though menus and delivery formats vary greatly, fast food’s chief common denominators include immediate customer service, packaging â€Å"to go,† and inexpensive pricing. The precise origins of fast food are vague, probably predating written history. Hungry people are as old as civilization itself, as are entrepreneurs eager to satisfy their hunger. Food vendors in ancient cities sold prepared items to passersby on the street. The actual foods varied greatly, depending on period and culture, but they generally comprised simple, inexpensive fare sold to people of modest means. Immigrants brought a variety of food styles to America, often preserving these for decades as a comforting connection with their ethnic past. Though many immigrant foodways were elaborate and ritualistic, most groups had one or two simple items that they consumed on a daily basis. As a rule, immigrant groups preferred their indigenous grains: corn from the Americas, rice from Asia, and wheat from Europe. Often these served as the basis for the â€Å"peasant† foods of their homelands. Pasta and flat breads came over with Italians; tortillas, beans, and tamales arrived with northbound Mexicans; and Germans brought dark breads, along with a variety of fatty sausages (which later mutated into the hot dog). Asian immigrants continued to eat rice as the basis of their diet. In the early twentieth century fast food remained primarily the fare of the masses. Vendors wheeled their pushcarts daily to factory gates, selling their wares to hungry workers. Often catering to the tastes of the particular factory’s dominant ethnic group, they charged customers pennies for basic items such as sausages, meatballs, or stew. Though popular among male industrial workers, this pushcart version of fast food never became mainstream cuisine. The urban diner was the transitional phase between the vendor’s pushcart and modern fast food. Most early diners were small restaurants, with limited seating, sometimes constructed out of converted railway carriages or streetcars. They served simple foods to working-class customers on a â€Å"short-order† basis, usually cooking each meal individually when ordered. Menus varied, but fried foods were common. Though diners often emphasized speed in delivering food, customers routinely lingered before and after eating. The hamburger still stands out as the single most important American fast food, though the precise origin of this meat sandwich is the subject of historical disagreement. People have eaten chopped beef throughout the ages, and it was long a fixture in many world cultures. The lineage of the American hamburger seems to point directly, as its name indicates, back to the German city of Hamburg. First appearing on American restaurant menus in the mid-nineteenth century, ground beef patties bore the title â€Å"hamburg steak. † By the century’s close, vendors regularly sold meatballs wrapped in slices of bread at county fairs and summer festivals. Regional legends attribute the invention of this snack to several different individuals, but its true originator remains a mystery. The Rise of Modern Fast Food Our modern image of the fast-food restaurant dates back to 1916, when Walt Anderson began selling â€Å"hamburger sandwiches† from an outdoor stand on a Wichita street corner. Anderson simply flattened a meatball and placed it between two halves of a bun. His sandwich quickly became popular, attracting long lines of hungry buyers. By 1921, Anderson had joined local insurance broker Edgar â€Å"Billy† Ingram to form the White Castle System. After opening several identical restaurants in Wichita during their first year, the partners quickly spread their business to neighboring cities, then to nine major urban areas throughout the Midwest and on the East Coast. What separated the White Castle System from earlier short-order restaurants was its very streamlined menu, comprising only hamburgers, coffee, Coca-Cola, and pie; a uniform architectural style; and strict standardization of food quality, preparation methods, and employee performance. By the close of the 1920s, White Castle’s aggressive marketing and rapid spread had made the hamburger one of the most popular foods in America. Other entrepreneurs soon noticed White Castle’s success in the hamburger business. Very closely copying White Castle’s products, architecture, and company name, competing new chains also thrived, carrying the hamburger craze across the nation to smaller cities and towns. The White Tower chain appeared in 1925, eventually challenging White Castle’s dominance in several northern cities. Krystal’s, opened in 1929 in Chattanooga, soon became the hamburger powerhouse of the southeastern states. White Castle’s hamburger sandwich, along with its many imitators, became a daily staple for many working-class Americans. It proved so successful, in fact, that by 1930 the president of the American Restaurant Association identified the fast-food hamburger as the most important food item in the nation. Hamburgers became even more a mainstream food during the 1930s. The larger restaurant chains began marketing their products to middle-class buyers, and even more Americans became burger lovers. Despite the harsh economy of the Great Depression, most fast-food chains continued to thrive, and in many cases grew considerably. Most continued selling the White Castle–style hamburger, but late in the decade the Big Boy chain spread east from California, introducing its new double-decker hamburger sandwich along the way. By the end of the Depression, America was a solidly hamburger-eating culture. After prospering in the Depression, however, the fast-food industry suffered a serious setback during World War II. Shortages of necessary foodstuffs, such as meat, sugar, tomatoes, and coffee, meant limited menu offerings and often a significant loss of business. Attempting to continue providing meals to their customers, fast-food restaurants experimented with different items that were still in abundance, including soy patties, chili, and french fried potatoes. Even more damaging than commodity shortages was the very low unemployment rate, which meant that most workers bypassed the restaurant industry in favor of higher-paying work. Adjusting to this labor shortage, chains soon replaced their all-male workforce with women and teenagers, two groups who would become their most common employees. Despite attempts to find palatable alternative foods, and despite the shifts in workforce, much of the fast-food industry was a casualty of the war; by 1945, more than half of America’s restaurants had closed down, including several of the major fast-food chains. Rebuilding the fast-food industry after the war proved a slow process. No single chain emerged to claim dominance, and little innovation occurred. Individual companies struggled to restore their prewar prosperity, and new regional chains tried to gain a foothold. Suffering the effects of escalating costs and still under the threat of continued shortages due to unstable food supplies in war-torn countries, fast-food restaurants often had to double prices to remain in business. As population shifted from America’s cities to suburbia during the 1950s, the fast-food industry quickly followed. Early chains such as White Castle and White Tower, resisting moving to the suburbs, were quickly eclipsed by upstart franchised chains. Burger King and McDonald’s outlets became common fixtures at suburban crossroads, selling burgers, fries, and shakes to hungry families. Burger King’s Jim McLamore and McDonald’s Ray Kroc each sought to build one of his restaurants in every American town, and they opened hundreds of new Burger Kings and McDonald’s each year in the 1960s. To accomplish this rapid expansion, they relied heavily on franchise investors, enforced strict product uniformity throughout their chains, and aggressively advertised in every newly opened territory. With McDonald’s and Burger King’s success, Burger Chef outlets soon appeared nearby. Arby’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Taco Bell were not far behind. By the late 1960s, fast food no longer meant just hamburger restaurants, but had diversified to include quick-service pizza, roast beef, chicken, and tacos. To give an idea of the dimensions to which the fast-food industry has grown, in 1999 Americans consumed over 26 billion pounds of beef, much of it as hamburgers. In that year McDonald’s alone had more than ten thousand restaurants in the United States, from which it grossed in excess of $13 billion in revenue. Criticism of Fast Food Despite the widespread popularity of fast food in modern American culture, critics abound. Since the 1930s, articles and books have condemned the industry, exposing allegedly poor sanitary conditions, unhealthy food products, related environmental problems, and unfair working conditions. Whether it warrants the attention or not, the fast-food industry is still regularly cited for exploiting young workers, polluting, and contributing to obesity and other serious health problems among American consumers. American beef consumption, and more specifically the fast-food hamburger industry, is often blamed for the burning of the Amazon rain forests to make way for more grazing lands for beef cattle. Early foes of fast food cited the deplorable filth of many hamburger stands, in addition to claiming that the beef ground for their sandwiches was either spoiled, diseased, or simply of low quality. In fact, many critics maintained that much of the meat used in fast-food hamburgers came from horse carcasses. The high fat content of fast food was also controversial. Despite deceptive industry claims about the high quality and the health benefits of their products, in the 1920s and 1930s concerned nutritionists warned the public about the medical dangers of regular burger consumption. This distrust and criticism of fast food continue today, extending even further to include dire warnings about the industry’s use of genetically modified and antibiotic-laden beef products. Most major chains have responded to recent attacks by prominently posting calorie and nutritional charts in their restaurants, advertising fresh ingredients, and offering alternatives to their fried foods. Despite a few more health-conscious items on the menu, fast-food chains now aggressively advertise the concept that bigger is better, offering large â€Å"super-size† or â€Å"biggie† portions of french fries, soft drinks, and milkshakes. Critics point to this marketing emphasis as a reason for an excessive and greatly increasing per-capita caloric intake among fast-food consumers, resulting in fast-growing rates of obesity in the United States. Increased litter is another problem that critics have blamed on the fast-food industry. Selling their products in paper wrappings and paper bags, early outlets created a source of litter that had not previously existed. Wrappers strewn about city streets, especially those close to fast-food restaurants, brought harsh criticism, and often inspired new local ordinances to address the problem. Some municipalities actually forced chains to clean up litter that was imprinted with their logos, but such sanctions were rare. Fast-food wrappers became part of the urban, and later suburban, landscape. Since bags and wrappers were crucial in the delivery of fast food, the industry as a whole continued to use disposable packaging, superficially assuaging public criticism by providing outside trash receptacles for the discarded paper. Years later, environmentalists again attacked the industry for excessive packaging litter, criticizing both the volume and the content of the refuse. By the early 1970s, the harshest criticisms focused more on the synthetic materials used in packaging, and less on the carelessly discarded paper. Critics derided the industry’s use of styrofoam sandwich containers and soda cups, claiming that these products were not sufficiently biodegradable and were clogging landfills. Facing mounting opposition from a growing environmental movement, most of the major chains returned to packaging food in paper wrappings or small cardboard boxes. Labor activists have criticized fast-food chains’ tendency to employ inexpensive teenage workers. Usually offering the lowest possible wages, with no health or retirement benefits, these restaurants often find it difficult hiring adults for stressful, fast-paced jobs. Many critics claim that the industry preys on teenagers, who will work for less pay and are less likely to organize. Though these accusations may have merit, the industry’s reliance on teenage labor also has inherent liabilities, such as a high employee turnover rate, which result in substantial recruiting and training costs. Companies have countered criticism about their use of teenage workers with the rationale that they offer young people entry-level work experience, teaching them: both skills and responsibility. Despite the relentless attacks, hundreds of millions of hungry customers eat fast food daily. The media constantly remind American consumers about its supposed evils. Most are conscious of the health risks from fatty, greasy meals; most realize that they are being served by a poorly paid young worker; and if they choose to ponder it, most are aware that the excessive packaging causes millions of tons of trash each year. But they continue to purchase and eat fast food on a regular basis. Fast food remains central to the American diet because it is inexpensive, quick, convenient, and predictable, and because it tastes good. Even more important, Americans eat fast food because it is now a cultural norm. As American culture homogenized and became distinctively â€Å"American† in the second half of the twentieth century, fast food, and especially the hamburger, emerged as the primary American ethnic food. Just as the Chinese eat rice and Mexicans eat tamales, Americans eat burgers. And fast food has grown even beyond being just a distinctive ethnic food. Since the 1960s, the concept has extended far beyond the food itself, with the term becoming a common descriptor for other quick-service operations, even a metaphor for many of the negative aspects of mainstream American life. Theorists and pundits sometimes use the term â€Å"fast food† to denigrate American habits, institutions, and values, referring to them as elements of a â€Å"fast-food society. † In fact, â€Å"fast-food† has become a frequently used adjective, implying not only ready availability but also superficiality, mass-produced standardization, lack of authenticity, or just poor quality. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, fast food gained additional economic and cultural significance, becoming a popular American export to nations around the world. Some detractors claim that it is even deliberately used by the United States, as a tool of cultural imperialism. The appearance of a McDonald’s or Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant on the streets of a foreign city signals to many the demise of indigenous culture, replacing another country’s traditional practices and values with American materialism. In fact, the rapid spread of American fast food is probably not an organized conspiracy, rather more the result of aggressive corporate marketing strategies. Consumers in other countries are willing and able to buy fast-food products, so chains are quick to accommodate demand. Thought of around the world as â€Å"American food,† fast food continues its rapid international growth. Bibliography Boas, Max, and Steve Chain. Big Mac: The Unauthorized Story of McDonald’s. New York: Dutton, 1976. Emerson, Robert, L. Fast Food: The Endless Shakeout. New York: Lebhar-Friedman, 1979. Halberstam, David. The Fifties. New York: Villard Books, 1993. Chapter 11 discusses the origins of the McDonald’s empire. Hogan, David Gerard. Selling ’em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food. New York: New York University Press, 1997. Jakle, John A. , and Keith A. Sculle. Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Langdon, Philip. Orange Roofs, Golden Arches: The Architecture of American Chain Restaurants. New York: Knopf, 1986. McLamore, James, W. The Burger King: Jim McLamore and the Building of an Empire. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Mariani, John. America Eats Out. New York: William Morrow, 1991. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Tennyson, Jeffrey. Hamburger Heaven: The Illustrated History of the Hamburger. New York: Hyperion, 1993. Witzel, Michael Karl. The American Drive-In: History and Folklore of the Drive-In Restaurant in the Car Culture. Osceola, Wisc. : Motorbooks International, 1994. —David Gerard Hogan AMG AllGame Guide: Fast FoodTop Home > Library > Entertainment & Arts > Games Guide Release Date: 1989 Genre: Action. Style: Maze Random House Word Menu: categories related to ‘fast food’Top Home > Library > Literature & Language > Word Menu Categories Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier For a list of words related to fast food, see: Cuisines, Meals, and Restaurants – fast food: cheap, mass-produced dishes served quickly at walk-in or drive-in outlets; convenience food Wikipedia on Answers. com: Fast foodTop Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia For other uses, see Fast food (disambiguation). A typical fast food meal in the United States includes a hamburger, french fries, and a soft drink. Pictured here are burgers from In-N-Out Burger McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut fast food restaurants in the United Arab Emirates Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. The term â€Å"fast food† was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951. Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating,[1] or fast food restaurants (also known as quick service restaurants). Franchise operations which are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations. [2] Contents 1 History 1. 1 Pre-modern Europe 1. 2 United Kingdom 1. 3 United States 2 On the go 2. 1 Filling stations 2. 2 Street vendors and concessions 3 Cuisine 3. 1 Variants 4 Business 5 Employment 6 Globalization 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History.

beethoven4 essays

beethoven4 essays Keep your eyes on him; some day he will give the world something to talk about-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Orga 27). Beethoven was considered the greatest composer who ever lived, but all the truths lie deep inside his music. Beethovens symphonies were extraordinary. His innovative style was unheard of throughout the world during his time. There are three major symphonies that take beyond the Immortal Beloved referring to Beethoven, to his grave. Well-written and magnificent in the ears of every person who appreciated Beethovens works of art. Symphonies numbers 3, 5, and 9 were probably the best symphonies ever composed by a human being. Beethovens technique was unique in creating slow to fast tempos during the beginning of every piece. Each of his pieces had a meaning behind it. The mood of the music will tell it all just by listening to the joyous harmony each instrument played and the excitement whenever the tempo moved to a faster beat. Symphony number three in B-flat major, Op.55 titled Eroica was then the largest symphony at the time, and the first great symphony of the 19th century. In 1798, General Bernadotte, the French ambassador to Austria, suggested to Beethoven that he might write a symphony in honor of Napoleon. So Beethoven agreed to write the symphony for the great commander. But on May 18th, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor, and upon hearing the news Beethoven tore the title page in half, screaming that Napoleon would become a greater tyrant than anyone! (Orga 85). When the symphony was finally published, it was listed as a Heroic symphony, composed to celebrate the memory of fallen soldiers. The Eroica is important because it was Beethoven's first truly Romantic composition. Symphony No.3 uses a wide variety of tonality and the use of themes and motifs. The Eroica ...

Rhythmic Gymnastics Essays - Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Hoop

Rhythmic Gymnastics Essays - Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Hoop Rhythmic Gymnastics Rhythmic Gymnastics Rhythmic gymnastics is a really genuine and flexible sport. The sport dates way back into the 1800s. The founding of rhythmic gymnastics cannot be directed to one person or movement, but to many great thinkers and control of the body. It wasnt until in the twentieth century that people started to know what rhythmic gymnastics was. A lady by the name of Francis Delsarte (1811-1871) who created a system of gymnastics that dealt with flexibility, strength and coordination. The Delsarte system of gymnastics was never meant to be anything big: but the method, and the healthy philosophies caught the attention of the dance world. As it got known to the world, it became more and more competitive and more gymnastics and props were added. But it wasnt until 1984 that they made rhythmic an individual competitive event in the Olympics. The 1996 Olympics was the first to include group competition. World championships have been held biannually, in succession of host cities, since 1963. It is a modern type of gymnastics with the performance of systematic physical exercise with the aid of such hand apparatuses such as ropes, hoops, balls, clubs, and ribbons. The elements include jumps, leaps, pivots, balances, and flexibility movements. Element routines are performed utilizing various pieces. Rhythmic gymnastics is a combination of gymnastic techniques and fluid dance-like movements, choreography, balance and agility with the hand items. Coordination and control are the two main essentials as the gymnast performs in harmony to the selected music beat. The ropes are used for the elegant and graceful way you move. The gymnast may leap or jump through the open or folded rope. Rope movements include swings, circles, wraps, figure-eights, and tosses and catches. The rope may be hemp or synthetic rope. The way they would average the size of rope that was needed was by the height of the gymnast. It should never sag to the ground during routines and must be in constant movement. The rope also has to be knotted at both ends or therefore you get counted off. The hoops are the most largest apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics. The most impressive things about the hoops are the high tosses and complex catches in various fashions. Other common movements include swings, rolls, spins, passes through and rotations around the hand and other body parts. The hoop is a wood or plastic, eighty to ninety centimeter diameter, 300 grams minimum weight. The hoop as well is usually wrapped with metallic tape to make it look more interesting, but at the same time, to give the hoop more support. One of the hardest apparatus to master is the ball. Because of its shape which is hard to grip, it makes it the hardest one to get down. Every movement you make it should be very slow and smooth, in order to get the full effect of the rhythm. Movements, include circles, tosses and catches, rolling along on different parts of the body. And bouncing the ball without it touching the ground for longer than a 2 second repeat. The ball is made of rubber, eighteen twenty centimeter diameter and only weighs minimum of 400 grams weight. Clubs are an interesting apparatus, which is immensely difficult to control because there are two clubs to handle throughout the whole routine. Routine use of the clubs include swings, circles, mills, tosses and catches, and rhythmical tapping. The clubs are made of wood or synthetic material. They are about forty to fifty centimeters long, and weigh about hundred and fifty grams each. They look like something mexican maracca. The one apparatus that is most associated with the rhythmic gymnastics because of its length and color is the ribbon. The ribbon measures up to 6 meters in length. It must be in constant movement throughout the whole routine. It is very easy to get the long satin feeling piece knotted up. This apparatus consists of the stick and the satin ribbon itself. The ribbon is only four to six centimeters in width and is only about six meters in length. Some of the elements that the you could do with the ribbon are snakes, spirals, circles, tosses and catches. While writing this paper, I have found out that

The Sociological Aspects of the Climate Change Phenomena Essay

The Sociological Aspects of the Climate Change Phenomena - Essay Example The sociological perspectives that will be used include deviance, social change, and social stratification among others. The paper also includes a discussion of the measures that can be adopted to reduce the negative effects of climate change. Climate Change Review ‘APNewsbreak Panel says wild weather worsens’ this is the title of the article that will be reviewed and analyzed. The article by Borenstein and it talks about the effect of climate change on weather. In the article, Borenstein asserts that the weather conditions in different areas are becoming worse by day and that the change is a man-made made disaster. The article goes on to show how man has contributed to climate change and what can be done to reverse the negative effects that are already being experienced with different magnitudes in different areas (Borenstein 2011). There are many events that happen in the world, and these events leave people scrambling to find answers to the different outcomes of the e vents. Sociology as a discipline, therefore, offers people a way to explain the different reasons or the motivations behind the economic, social or political issues or events of the day. One of the issues that is receiving global attention and which can be analyzed using the sociological concepts is the issue of global warming and climate change. While there are many explanations and theories that are put forward to explain global warming, the global warming phenomena can be said to be a social phenomenon and is, therefore, best explained from a sociological standpoint. As global warming is discussed in the media and in the public domain, it elicits different reactions and attitudes. Most of the discussion on global warming is informed by the idea that global warming is a phenomenon that is caused by human activity and can be rectified through human action. There is, however, a group of people that believe that global warming has been exaggerated and is not in reality as it is prese nted (Henslin, 2010). Climate change is a significant change that occurs in the distribution of the different weather patterns over given periods of time. The change in the weather patterns is long lasting and may even be permanent (Borenstein2011). In the article it is suggested that some of the effects that climate change will have is a rise in the sea level, an increase in the occurrence of severe weather events (including droughts, hurricanes and floods), the decreased availability of fresh water for use, and the change in the seasons as we know them which will lead to temperature changes and changes in the growing seasons which will, in turn, affect the availability of food supplies. To understand global warming from a sociological perspective, sociological concepts can be applied as follows: Social Constructionism (Concept 1ID) Social constructionism refers to the way through which the individual members of a given society construct their social reality (Concept 1 df) In order to understand the human decision-making processes, it is important that one understands the motivation that led to the specific decision being taken.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Leadership - Assignment Example Madiba as he was known has been called a global icon, freedom fighter and South Africa’s Favorite Son. He is a nonprofit leader as he stood for the rights of the black people during the apartheid period. This resulted in being a political prisoner for 27 years. Also, Mandela is the most honoured political prisoner in history. It is evident since prison bars could not prevent him from inspiring South Africans to struggle and sacrifice for the liberation. Mandela actions led South Africa to gain independence in 1994 and he became the first democratically elected president. Mandela actions of humanity led to him to win a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (Guiloineau, 2002). In conclusion, Mandela sacrificed the joys of family life to pursue a career of his choice to fight for the values of his people. Even after retiring from presidency in June 1999, Mandela continued to campaign globally for peace and the fight against HIV/AIDS. Mandela also formed an independent group of global leaders who would offer their collective influence and experience to support peace building and enhance shared interest of humanity. He died on 5 Dec 2013 after a lung

Sarajevo Blues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sarajevo Blues - Essay Example all essays, prose vignettes, and poems all written in the first person and reflecting the terrible ordeal of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War.† (Segel 267) The author of Sarajevo Blues, Semezdin Mehmedinovic was born in 1960 in Bosnia. He contributed to cultural activities in Bosnia before he fled to the United States of America in 1996 along with his family to avoid the affects of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian war. Mehmedinovic claims that even though the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was broadcast extensively throughout the world, the perspective it portrayed was fairly limited due to political pressures. News on television, radio and in newspapers provided an incomplete, outside perspective on the war. Through his poems, essays and short stories in his book Sarajevo Blues, Semezdin Mehmedinovic provides a new perspective on the war; a view from the inside. A political act is â€Å"an event that forever alters our assumptions about someone else’s experience† (Mehmendivoni). Therefore, politics refer to acts that people commit which have the ability to alter people’s perceptions about a state of affairs. It is a tool for manoeuvring people’s opinions and perceptions in a certain direction in order to fulfil some ulterior motive. Politics is capable of manipulating not only a person’s perception of the world but a person’s perception of himself/herself. Mehmedinovic is sceptical about political factors affecting mass media, which in turn affects the global population’s combined and individual thinking because it is the most popular means of distributing information about past and current affairs. Semezdin Mehmedinovic’s act of writing Sarajevo Blues can also be called politics because it has the ability to and is intended to change the perception of the masses about war. He aims to show people how the media alters the realities of war. Mehmedinovic is talking about the blues faced by the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Before the war and the

Information Technology Management Essay Example for Free

Information Technology Management Essay Information and communication technologies play critical roles in sustaining an organizations growth and profitability (Galliers Leidner, 2003). If managed properly, investments in information and communication technologies can improve efficiency and effectiveness of business processes and an organization’s competitive posture in the market. Proper management of information and communication technologies investments can also enrich people’s lives in the organization improving job satisfaction and productivity. Galliers Leidner, 2003). Success in managing information and communication investments depend largely on exercising good management practices like human capital management, staff training management, information technology architecture management and software management (Galliers Leidner, 2003). However, with all the potential benefits of investments in information and communication projects, they can be risky, costly and unproductive if not managed properly (Galliers Leidner, 2003). Organizations should therefore strive to attract and retain information technology personnel that are qualified and talented to ensure the success of information and technology investments. This is further complicated by a tight information and technology labor market where qualified information and technology personnel enjoy high mobility. Discussion The position I am required to design is a leadership position intended to provide technical direction and guide an organization in implementing strategic information and communication projects (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). The occupant of this position is expected to be able to handle a wide range of duties and responsibilities. He or she should be able to use his/ her exposure, technical experience and business knowledge in developing an organization’s technical plans and to advise senior management on information technology strategies, standards and governance (Galliers Leidner, 2003). In addition he or she will be expected to monitor the industry’s trends in information technology and respond appropriately by formulating long term information technology strategies capable of improving an organization’s competitiveness. The senior information technology manager will work under the general supervision of the chief executive officer. In line with work plans and resource allocation coordination provided by the chief executive officer, he or she will be responsible for effective planning, supervision and delivery of assigned functions that fall within an information and communication department (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010) so as to ensure that an organization’s requirements for information systems and information technology are effectively and efficiently met. He will also be responsibility for ensuring that an organization’s computer systems have the capacity to meet the business needs of an organization by either upgrading existing systems or developing new systems (Info Tech Employment, 2008). Additional functions will include participation in planning, coordinating and setting policies for the development and implementation of an organization’s information technology strategies, supporting standards, procedures and practices, supervising and coordinating works of external firms in special projects or functions to ensure quality and timely delivery, providing consultant services in regards to procurement of new information technology equipments and computer systems, supervising members of staff assigned to special projects or functions and coordinating their training and development to ensure that they are up to the tasks and finally, developing and monitoring key performance indicators of assigned functions within an information technology department (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). The senior information technology manager is expected to have an excellent working knowledge in information technology and a commitment to keep up to dat e with the latest development (Galliers Leidner, 2003). He should demonstrate people’s management skills with an ability to motivate staff members, provide a cooperative and productive work environment, manage resources effectively to achieve objectives, organize and coordinate work in the department and explain technical issues clearly (Info Tech Employment, 2008). He or she will be tasked with leading changes that fall within the information technology department, hence must be able to integrate organizational and departmental goals, priorities and values. In addition, he or she should have experience in managing large scale projects in information systems and technology (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). To fulfill these expectations, a university degree in computer science or related fields and appropriate professional certifications are mandatory. Moreover, the candidate of choice should have at least five years management experience in information technology. He should demonstrate experience with standard software applications and data manipulation, analysis and interpretation tools (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). Conclusion Information technology investments can be very beneficial to an organization as a whole if they are managed properly. Organizations should therefore strive to hire and retain qualified, experienced and talented information technology managers. This is not easy given the current information technology labor market. The labor market is characterized by high mobility of qualified labor and organizations must put in place effective measures to ensure they hire the right people. One of the measures an organization should take is defining clear structures and responsibilities of all employees in the information technology department. The senior information technology manager will provide technical direction and guidance to the organization in implementing strategic information technology projects. He will be responsible for ensuring effective and efficient management of resources within the information technology department.